Clark, Graeme Milbourne

P001420 revised AU-VU:EOAS Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation

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English AACR2 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Person created 1993-10-20 human McCarthy, G.J., Roberts, J., Tropea, R., Clark, G. updated 2026-02-05 human https://www.eoas.info/biogs/P001420b.htm person Clark Graeme Milbourne AC FAA FTSE FRS HonFRCS AACR2 16 August 1935 Place of Birth Camden, New South Wales, Australia Otolaryngologist Neuroscientist Speech Scientist Bioengineer Graeme Clark became Professor of Otolaryngology at the University of Melbourne in 1970. From 1999 to 2004, he was promoted to Laureate Professor at the University of Melbourne. Clark was the leader of the team that developed the cochlear implant (bionic ear). The focus of his research was to enable profoundly deaf people to hear speech. His research team also developed other hearing devices, such as the electrotactile hearing aid, the "Tickle Talker". Clark's cochlear implant became a world leader in its field, assisted in its development by Cochlear Ltd, and his team continued to engage in ground-breaking research into deafness for many years. In 2005, he was appointed Laureate Professor Emeritus at the University of Melbourne, and in 2014 became Honorary Professor of Electrical Engineering.

Summary of Graeme Clark's Discoveries Using Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (1967-)

Perception: Psychophysics

Temporal coding is essential for perception of low pitches and voicing; Place coding is essential for perception of timbre, vowels and consonants; Place coding of frequency requires early exposure to sound; Place coding is necessary for speech perception; Separate brain channels are required for temporal and place coding; Averaging over site of stimulation varies place pitch. Electrical charge is essential for coding loudness.

Speech and Language

Place coding is essential for frequency transitions in speech; Electrical excitation of the brain underlies the conscious experience of speech; Formant codes are important for understanding running speech; Speech coding is retained in memory after exposure to sound; Speech coding in a young child leads to good spoken language; Voicing integrates timing of place coded information for conscious experience of speech; Electrical excitation, and synapse connectivity and/or protein changes are suggested to underlie memory for speech sounds.

Bioengineering of the multi-channel cochlear implant (Bionic Ear)

Clark's first scientific achievement in the development of the bionic ear was in 1967. He demonstrated with neurophysiological studies the limitations of the temporal (rate) coding of electrical stimulation, and the need for stimulating different sites in the brain corresponding to a range of speech frequencies (place coding). He discovered in 1975 the best method of placing electrodes in the cochlea for safe and effective place coding.

Working with his engineers, he created the first prototype fully implantable multi-channel cochlear implant. In addition, as senior surgeon he led the surgical implantation of this prototype receiver-stimulator at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital on 1 August 1978.

Then working closely with PhD student Joe Tong, he became the first to explore the range of percepts from multi-channel electrical stimulation. This showed that the brain coded rate and place of stimulation through separate channels, and that a rapid shift in place coding could code consonants, which was essential for speech understanding.

His major breakthrough came when he realised that stimulating different sites in the brain affected not only the timbre or quality of the pitch, but also the perception of vowels. As a result - and together with colleagues - he showed how to code speech for its understanding. This made his work the first to bring electronic technology into a functional relation with the central nervous system. He then helped initiate - with funding from the federal government - the biomedical firm Cochlear Pty Ltd, which became the leader in this field for more than 30 years.

After appropriate safety studies in 1985, Clark became the first to insert a multi-channel implant in a child. His clinical team found that when profoundly deaf children were implanted as young as one year of age they could develop near-normal spoken language. In 1989, he was also the first to combine hearing in one ear with an implant in the other, and in 1990 successfully investigated implants in both ears.

He continued multi-disciplinary research to improve the performance of the bionic ear, and created the discipline Medial Bionics. This has formed the basis for bionic stimulation of the spinal cord in paraplegia, stimulating the eye for blindness, deep brain stimulation for drug resistant epilepsy and other bionic devices.

1958 1958 Career position - Junior Resident Medical Officer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. 1959 1959 Career position - Senior Resident Medical Officer, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney. 1960 1960 Career position - Lecturer in Anatomy, University of Sydney. 1961 1961 Career position - Registrar in General Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Otolaryngology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. 1962 1962 Career position - Senior House Surgeon, Royal National Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, London. 1963 1963 Career position - Senior Registrar in Otolaryngology, Bristol General Hospital, and Lecture in Otolaryngology at Bristol University. 1963 1966 Career position - Senior Assistant Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Surgeon, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. 1964 1966 Career position - First Assistant to the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Surgeon, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. 1965 1965 Career position - Senior Visiting Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Surgeon, Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg. 1966 2004 Career position - Senior Honorary Ear Nose and Throat and Head and Neck Surgeon, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. 1967 1968 Career position - Lecturer in Physiology, University of Sydney. 1968 1968 Research - Master of Surgery (MS), University of Sydney - awarded for thesis entitled 'the Principles of the Structural Support of the Nose and their Application to Nasal and Septal Surgery'. 1968 1968 Career position - Consultant Otolaryngologist to Royal Melbourne, the Royal Women's, the Alfred and Prince Henry's hospitals. 1968 1973 Career position - Consultant Otolaryngologist, Commonwealth Acoustic Laboratories. 1969 1969 Career position - Senior Research Officer, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. 1969 1969 Research - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Univeristy of Sydney - awarded for thesis entitled "Middle ear and neural mechanisms in hearing and in the management of deafness". 1970 1970 Award - Bertha Sudholz Prize, University of Adelaide 1970 2004 Career position - William Gibson Professor of Otolaryngology and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne. 1977 1977 Patent - Hearing Prosthesis - Improvements in Prosthesis - awarded to G. Clark, J. Patrick, I. Forster, Y. Tong and R. Black. 1978 1978 Patent - Hearing Prosthesis - Improved Electrode Array - awarded to G. Clark, J. Patrick and Q. Bailey. 1979 1979 Patent - Improvements to Speech Processor - awarded to G. Clark, J. Patrick, J. Millar, P. Seligman and Y. Tong. 1982 1982 Patent - Hearing Prosthesis - Receiver/Stimulator - awarded to H. McDermott, P. Blamey, R. Black, G. Clark, D. Money, J. Patrick, Y. Tong. 26 Jan 1983 26 Jan 1983 Award - Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) - in recognition of service to medicine 1984 1993 Career position - Chief Investigator of National Health & Medical Research Council Program Grant: "Studies to Develop Sensory Prostheses for Deaf Children and Adults". 1984 1994 Career position - Chief Investigator of two US National Institutes of Health Grants (Improved Cochlear Implant: Psychophysics and Engineering" and An Advanced Multi-Channel Cochlear Implant for Deafness". 1985 1985 Patent - Hearing Prosthesis - Prosthetic 'Flippy Tip' Electrode Array - awarded to G. Clark and H. Franz Hearing Prosthesis - Prosthetic 'Flippy Tip' Electrode Array. 1985 1985 Award - J.M. Crouch Fellow, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 1985 1992 Career position - Chief Investigator of two US National Institutes of Health Contracts (Speech processors for auditory prostheses, NIH Contract No1-DC-9-2400 and Pediatric auditory prosthesis implants NIH Contract No1-NS-7-2342). 1985 2004 Career position - Founder and Surgeon-in-charge of the Cochlear Implant Clinic, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. 1985 2005 Career position - Founder and Director of the Bionic Ear Institute. 1986 1986 Award - Rotary Vocational Service Award 1986 1986 Award - Advance Australia Award 1988 1993 Career position - Director, The Australian Research Council's Special Research Centre the Human Communication Research Centre, East Melbourne, Australia. 1989 1989 Award - Doctor of Medicine (MD), honoris causa, University of Sydney. 1990 1990 Award - Medal of Merit, Lions Clubs. 1990 1990 Patent - Hearing Prosthesis - Bimodal Speech Processor - awarded to P. Blamey, G. Dooley, G. Clark, P. Seligman. 1991 1991 Award - James Cook Medal, Royal Society of New South Wales. 1992 1992 Award - First Honorary Fellow, Audiological Society of Australia. 1992 1992 Patent - Curved 22-Channel Intracochlear Electrode Array - awarded to S. Xu, J. Xu, H. Seddon, F. Neilson, G. Clark, R. Shepherd. 1992 1992 Award - Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award, Ian Clunies Ross Memorial Foundation 1992 1997 Career position - Founder and Director, Co-operative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant, Speech and Hearing Research, East Melbourne, Australia. 1994 1994 Patent - Multiple Pulse Per Period (MP3) Electrical Stimulation Strategy for Cochlear Implants awarded to Irlicht and G. Clark. 1994 1994 Patent - Cochlear Implant System for Residual Hearing Stimulation - awarded to A. Vandali and G. Clark. 1994 1994 Patent - Transient Emphasis Speech Processing - awarded to A. Vandali and G. Clark. 1995 1995 Patent - Cochlear Implant Devices - awarded to G. Clark, L. Cohen and P. Busby. 1997 1997 Award - Sir William Upjohn Medal, University of Melbourne (awarded every five years for outstanding contributions to medicine). 1998 1998 Award - Doctorate of Medicine (MD), honoris causa, Medizinishche Hochschule, Germany. 1998 1998 Award - Fellow, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE) 1998 1998 Award - Fellow, Australian Academy of Science (FAA) 1999 1999 Award - National Australia Day Council, Australian Achiever's Award (for pioneering research to enable the profoundly deaf to hear). 1999 1999 Award - Victoria Prize for Science and Innovation, State of Victoria 1999 1999 Award - Rio Tinto Science Hero's Award - Industry 1999 1999 Award - Australian Achiever Award 1999 2004 Career position - Laureate Professor, University of Melbourne. 2000 2000 Award - Cavalcade of Science Honour Award, Australian Institute of Political Science. 1 Jan 2001 1 Jan 2001 Award - Centenary Medal - for being a pioneer of world-leading Australian Bionic Ear, providing hearing to over 25,000 people 2001 2001 Patent - A Travelling Wave Sound Processor - awarded to P. Blamey, H. McDermott, B. Swanston, J. Patrick and G. Clark. 2001 2001 Award - Senior Australian of the Year (for outstanding contribution to the welfare of Australians and international commitment). 2002 2002 Award - Aram Glorig Award, International Society of Audiology. 2002 2002 Award - Honorary Member, American Otological Society. 2002 2002 Award - Graeme Clark Room established at the Ear Foundation, Marjorie Sherman House, Nottingham UK. 2002 2002 Award - Doctor of Science (DSc), honoris causa, University of Wollongong. 2003 2003 Award - Doctorate of Engineering (DEng), honoris causa, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan. 2003 2003 Award - Honorary Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine, London. 2003 2003 Organisation - The Graeme Clark Cochlear Scholarship Foundation established. 2004 2004 Award - Fellow, The Royal Society, London (FRS). 2004 2004 Award - Prime Minister's Prize for Science, Commonwealth of Australia 2004 2004 Award - Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England (HonFRCS) 2004 2004 Award - Australian Father of the Year Award (for his vision, determination and pioneering work in developing the bionic ear). 2004 2004 Award - Doctorate of Laws (LLD), honoris causa, Monash University. 2004 2004 Career position - Laureate Professor Emeritus, University of Melbourne. 2004 2004 Award - Fellow, Australian Acoustical Society. 26 Jan 2004 26 Jan 2004 Award - Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) - for service to medicine and to science through innovative research to further the development of cochlear implant technology for worldwide benefit 2005 2005 Award - A. Charles Holland Foundation International Prize 2005 2005 Career position - Emeritus Otolaryngologist, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. 2005 2005 Award - International Speech Communication Association Medal 2005 2005 Award - Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Medal 2005 2005 Award - Excellence in Surgery Award, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 2005 2005 Career position - Director Emeritus, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. 2005 2007? Career position - Lead Research Scientist in establishing the State Government of Victoria's Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) program, with the aim of bringing research and industry together to produce industrial outcomes. 2005 2012 Career position - Bionics Program Leader, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. 2006 2006 Career position - Director Emeritus, The Bionic Ear Institute. 2006 2006 Award - Ian Wark Medal and Lecture, Australian Academy of Science. 2006? 2008? Research - Member of the Expert Advisory Committee of the Australian Research Council. 2007 2007 Award - Lifetime Achievement Award, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University. 2007 2007 Award - Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering. 2007 2007 Lecture - The Australian Broadcasting Commission's Boyer Lectures on 'Restoring the Senses' established. 2007 2007 Award - Zülch prize, Getrud Reemstsma Foundation, administered by the Max Planck Society, Cologne (Köln). 2008 2008 Organisation - The Graeme Clark Foundation established. It funded the Graeme Clark Chair in Audiology and Speech Science, and helped to sustain research and support into bionic ear and medical bionics generally. 2008 2008 Lecture - Inaugural Graeme Clark Oration, held annually at the University of Melbourne, delivered by Graeme Clark. 2009 2009 Award - Honorary Bragg Membership, Royal Institute of Australia. 2009 2009 Organisation - The Graeme Clark Centre for Innovation in the Sciences, The Scots College, Sydney, established. 2009 2009 Award - Otto Schmidt Award, International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering. 2009 2011 Career position - Distinguished Professor, La Trobe University (the first Distinguished Professor appointed to La Trobe University). 2010 2010 Award - Doctorate, honoris causa, University of Zarogoza, Spain. 2010 2010 Award - Lister Medal, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Glasgow, Royal Society, Edinburgh University. 2011 2011 Organisation - The Graeme Clark Research Institute, Tabor College, Adelaide, established. 2011 2011 Award - CSL Florey Medal, Australian Institute of Policy and Science 2011 2011 Award - Zotterman Medal, Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden c. 2012 c. 2014 Career position - Professorial Fellow, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Melbourne, through the National Information Communications Technology Centre of Excellence (NICTA). 2013 2013 Award - Graeme Clark Room established at Cochlear Centre in Macquarie University. Sydney 2013 2013 Award - Doctor of Health Sciences, honoris causa, University of Technology, Sydney. 2013 2013 Award - Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, Lasker Foundation, New York. 2013 2013 Career Position - The Graeme Clark Chair in Audiology and Speech Science, University of Melbourne, established by the Graeme Clark Foundation and the University of Melbourne. 2013 2013 Award - Fellow, National Academy of Inventors, United States. 2014 2014 Award - Graeme Clark Room established at Cochlear Care Centre, Melbourne. 2014 2014 Career position - Honorary Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Melbourne. 2014 2014 Lecture - The Clark Lecture Series at Scots College Sydney is established. 2015 2015 Award - Fritz, J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize, National Academy of Engineering, Washington DC, and Ohio University. 2015 2015 Award - Medal from Paul Sabatier University 2016 2016 Award - Life Membership, Australasian Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery - awarded on 7th March 2016. 2016 2016 Lecture - Gave the Norbet Weiner Lecture (Norbet Weiner is a key figure in cybernetics which is used to develop the Bionic Ear). Bailey, Quentin Richard

Quentin Bailey collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Victoria Prize for Science and Innovation, State of Victoria (1998 - )

Awarded the Prize 1999

Paolini, Antonio Giacomo

Antonio Paolini collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Black, Raymond C.

R.C. Black co-authored several publications with Graeme Clark.

Forster, Ian C.

Ian Forster co-authored several publications with Graeme Clark on engineering.

Tong, Yit Chow (Joe)

Joe Tong collaborated with Graeme Clark on psychophysics.

Blamey, Peter J.

Peter Blamey collaborated with Graeme Clark on pyschoacoustics and spoken language development.

Seligman, Peter M.

Peter Seligman collaborated with Graeme Clark on engineering.

Vandali, Andrew E.

Andrew Vandali collaborated with Graeme Clark on engineering.

Swanson, Brett Anthony

Brett Swanson collaborated with Graeme Clark.

1979046563: Electrode for Human Cochlea (1979 - 1995)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Neilson, Frank Jens Paul

Frank Neilson collaborated with Graeme Clark.

1980059812: Speech Processor (1980 - 1998)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Millar, John Bruce

John Bruce Millar collaborated with Graeme Clark.

1981078481: Speech Processor (1981 - 1997)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

McDermott, Hugh J.

Hugh McDermott collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Cochlear Pty Ltd (1983 - 1984) Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Melbourne (1970 - 2013?) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne (1982 - ) Australian Hearing, Commonwealth of Australia (1992 - ) Busby, Peter A.

Peter Busby collaborated with Graeme Clark on audiology.

Grayden, David Bruce

David Grayden collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Florey Medal, Australian Institute of Policy and Science (1998 - )

Awarded the CSL Florey Medal 2011

Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (1991 - 2015)

Received the Award 1992, from the Ian Clunies Ross Memorial Foundation

Australian Academy of Science (1954 - )

Elected Fellow 1998

Furness, John Barton (1945 - )

John Furness and Graeme Clark were co-authors.

Marginson, Raymond David (1923 - 2019) Patrick, James (Jim) Finlay

Jim Patrick collaborated with Graeme Clark on engineering.

Saunders, Rod

Graeme Clark conducted the cochlear implant (bionic ear) procedure for Rod Saunders.

Dewhurst, David John (1919 - 1996)

David Dewhurst collaborated with Graeme Clark on engineering.

Burkitt, Anthony Neville

Anthony Burkitt collaborated with Graeme Clark.

O'Leary, Stephen John

Stephen O'Leary collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Kenny, Owen Patrick

Owen Kenny collaborated with Graeme Clark.

2000068111: Improved Sound Processor for Cochlear Implants (2000 - 2012)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

2001011164: Emphasis of Short-Duration Transient Speech Features (2000 - 2020)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

2001265692: Sound Processor for a Cochlear Implant (2001 - 2015)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

2003229378: Generation of Electrical Stimuli for Application to a Cochlea (2003 - 2015)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Xu, Shi-Ang

Shi-Ang Xu collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Shepherd, Robert Keith

Robert Shepherd collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Seldon, Henry Lee

Henry Seldon collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Xu, Jin

Jin Xu collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Pyman, Brian

Brian Pyman collaborated with Graeme Clark on surgery.

Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (1987 - )

Elected Fellow 1998

Martin, Lois

Lois Martin collaborated with Graeme Clark on audiology.

Webb, Robert

Robert Webb cooperated with Graeme Clark on surgery.

Dawson, Pam

Pam Dawson collaborated with Graeme Clark on audiology.

La Trobe University (1964 - )

First Distinguished Professor to La Trobe University in 2009, - 2011 where he studied in depth the temporal bone of his first patient, and learned more about the effects of implantation on the inner ear.

Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Melbourne (1947 - 1982)

Graeme Clark worked with staff from the Department of Electrical Engineering.

Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne (1876 - 1991)

Chair of Otolaryngology 1970 - 2004

Audiology, Department of Otolaryngology (1973 - ) Automatic Brain Wave Audiometer (1972 - ) National Acoustic Laboratories, Commonwealth of Australia (1974 - 1992) Rickards, Field Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne (1991 - ) The University of Wollongong

Graeme Clark worked for 10 years with the University of Wollongong in a Centre of Excellence led by Professor Gordon Wallace, where Clark was responsible for all the bionics research. Clark was particularly involved in the development of new generation bionic ear; and, the possibility of using plastics to join up the top and bottom of damaged spinal cords to enable people to walk again. He also acted as a consultant for research into a bionic eye.

Wallace, Gordon (1958 - )

Graeme Clark and Gordon Wallace worked closely on the bionics of the intelligent polymers and the biological application of the chemistry, and the release of nerve growth factors c.2002

Kapsa, Robert

Robert Kapsa and Graeme Clark worked together on the bionics, and particularly the organic chemistry, to develop an improved bionic ear. 2005 -

Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) (1927 - )

1966 -

Nucleus Limited (1965 - 1988)

Graeme Clark worked with Paul Trainor and Nucleus to help commercialise the bionic ear.

Graeme Clark Foundation (2008 - )

Graeme Clark is the Chairman of the Board of the Foundation.

James Cook Medal, Royal Society of New South Wales (1954 - )

Awarded the Medal 1991

Prime Minister's Prize for Science, Commonwealth of Australia (2000 - )

Awarded the Prize 2004

Tickle Talker (c. 1985 - ) Cohen, Lawrence Thomas

Lawrence Cohen collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Ian Wark Medal and Lecture, Australian Academy of Science (1987 - )

Awarded the Medal 2006

Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (1961 - )

Graeme Clark conducted research and clinical practice at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. He was assistant and senior surgeon from 1964-1969, and his role continued on as the Professor and Head of the University Clinic there from 1970 till he retired in 2004.

Bionic Ear Institute (1983 - 2011)

Graeme Clark was the Founder and Director of the Bionic Ear Institute.

Multi-channel Cochlear Implant (Bionic Ear) (1978 - )

Graeme Clark led the research team which developed the first prototype fully implantable multi-channel cochlear implant.

Cochlear Limited (1985 - ) Money, David

David Money collaborated with Graeme Clark.

1983018194: Hearing Prosthesis (1983 - 1997)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

1985041500: Electrotactile Vocoder (1985 - 2002)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Dowell, Richard C

Richard Dowell collaborated with Graeme Clark on audiology.

1986061140: Prosthetic Electrode Array (1986 - 1997)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Audiological Society of Australia Inc. (1968 - )

Awarded Honorary Fellow 1992 [first]

1994070647: Cochlear Implant Devices (1994 - 2012)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Irlicht, Laurence

Laurence Irlicht collaborated with Graeme Clark.

1995036460: Multiple Pulse Stimulation (1995 - 2012)

Graeme Clark was a co-inventor named on the patent.

Human Communication Research Centre, The University of Melbourne (1988 - 1993)

Graeme Clark was a director of the Human Communication Research Centre.

Cochlear Implant Clinic, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (1985 - )

Graeme Clark was a head of unit and director of the Cochlear Implant Clinic.

Deafness Foundation of Victoria

Graeme Clark chaired a committee to establish the Deafness Foundation of Victoria.

CRC for Cochlear Implant, Speech and Hearing Research (1992 - 1999)

Graeme Clark was the founding director of the CRC for Cochlear Implant, Speech and Hearing Research.

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Commonwealth of Australia (1936 - )

Chief Investigator of NHMRC Program Grant: "Studies to Develop Sensory Prostheses for Deaf Children and Adults", and, Chief Investigator on 19 NHMRC Project Grants. 1971 - 2003

Clarey, Janine Catherine

Janine Clarey collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Burkhard, Franz-Heinz Gunther

Franz-Heinz Burkhard collaborated with Graeme Clark.

Wikidata

VIAF - Virtual International Authority File

Clark, Graeme M (1935-)

Trove

'Clark, Graeme Milbourne', in Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation, Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology Clark, Graeme Milbourne Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Transformative Innovation Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation Journal Article: Fusion and laterization study with two binaural cochlear implant patients van Hoesel, R. J. M.; Clark, G. M. Fusion and laterization study with two binaural cochlear implant patients 1995 Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 104 suppl. 166 233-5 Journal Article: Psychophysics of a prototype peri-modiolar cochlear implant electrode array Cohen, L. T.; Saunders, E.; Clark, G. M. Psychophysics of a prototype peri-modiolar cochlear implant electrode array 2001 Hearing Research 155 63-81 Journal Article: Pitch estimation by early-deafened subjects using a multiple-electrode cochlear implant Busby, P. A.; Clark G. M. Pitch estimation by early-deafened subjects using a multiple-electrode cochlear implant 2000 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107 547-58 Journal Article: The development of speech perception in children using cochlear implants: Effects of etiologic factors and delayed milestones Pyman, B.; Blamey, P.; Lacy, P.; Clark, G.; Dowell, R. The development of speech perception in children using cochlear implants: Effects of etiologic factors and delayed milestones 2000 American Journal of Otology 21 57-61 Journal Article: Speech perception as a function of electrical stimulation rate: Using the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system Vandali, A. E.; Whitford, L. A.; Plant, K. L.; Clark, G. M. Speech perception as a function of electrical stimulation rate: Using the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system 2000 Ear and Hearing 21 608-24 Journal Article: Speech results with a bilateral multi-channel cochlear implant subject for spatially separated signal and noise van Hoesel, R. J. M.; Clark, G. M. Speech results with a bilateral multi-channel cochlear implant subject for spatially separated signal and noise 1999 Australian Journal of Audiology 21 23-8 Journal Article: Aided speech recognition abilities of adults with a severe hearing loss Flynn, M. C.; Dowell, R. C.; Clark, G. M. Aided speech recognition abilities of adults with a severe hearing loss 1998 Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 41 285-99 Journal Article: Pitch and loudness estimation for single and multiple pulse per period electric pulse rates by cochlear implant patients Busby, P. A.; Clark, G. M. Pitch and loudness estimation for single and multiple pulse per period electric pulse rates by cochlear implant patients 1997 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101 1687-95 Journal Article: Psychophysical studies with two binaural cochlear implant subjects van Hoesel, R. J. M.; Clark, G. M. Psychophysical studies with two binaural cochlear implant subjects 1997 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102 495-507 Journal Article: Loudness summation, masking, and temporal interaction for sensations by electric stimulation of two sites in the human cochlea Tong, Y. C.; Clark, G. M. Loudness summation, masking, and temporal interaction for sensations by electric stimulation of two sites in the human cochlea 1986 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79 1958-66 Journal Article: The perceptual dimensions of single-electrode and non-simultaneous dual-electrode stimuli in cochlear implantees McKay, C. M.; McDermott, H. J.; Clark, G. M. The perceptual dimensions of single-electrode and non-simultaneous dual-electrode stimuli in cochlear implantees 1996 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99 1079-90 Journal Article: The multiple-channel cochlear implant: the interface between sound and the central nervous system for hearing, speech, and language in deaf people: a personal perspective Clark, Graeme Mibourne The multiple-channel cochlear implant: the interface between sound and the central nervous system for hearing, speech, and language in deaf people: a personal perspective 2006 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 361 791-810 Journal Article: Cochlear implantation in children: labyrinthitis following pneumococcal otitis media in unimplanted and implanted cat cochleas Dahm, M.; Clark, G. M.; Franz, B. K. - H. G.; Shepherd, R. K.; Burton, M. J. Cochlear implantation in children: labyrinthitis following pneumococcal otitis media in unimplanted and implanted cat cochleas 1994 Acta Oto-Laryngologica 114 620-5 Journal Article: Pitch percepts associated with amplitude-modulated current pulse trains in cochlear implantees McKay, C. M.; McDermott, H. J.; Clark, G. M. Pitch percepts associated with amplitude-modulated current pulse trains in cochlear implantees 1994 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96 2664-73 Journal Article: The perception of temporal modulations by cochlear implant patients Busby, P. A.; Tong, Y. C.; Clark, G. M. The perception of temporal modulations by cochlear implant patients 1993 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97 124-31 Journal Article: The postnatal growth of the temporal bone and its implications for cochlear implantation in children Dahm, M.; Shepherd, R. K.; Clark, G. M. The postnatal growth of the temporal bone and its implications for cochlear implantation in children 1993 Acta Oto-Laryngologica suppl. 505 5-39 Journal Article: Psychological and speech perception studies" A case report on a binaural cochlear implant subject van Hoesel, R.; Tong, Y. C.; Hollow, R. D.; Clark, G. M. Psychological and speech perception studies" A case report on a binaural cochlear implant subject 1993 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94 3178-89 Journal Article: Psychophysical and speech perception studies" A case report on a binaural cochlear implant subject Busby, P. A.; Tong, Y. C.; Hollow, R. D.; Clark, G. M. Psychophysical and speech perception studies" A case report on a binaural cochlear implant subject 1992 Audiology 31 95-111 Journal Article: The histopathology of the human temporal bone and auditory central nervous system following cochlear implantation in a patient: Correlation with psychophysics and speech perception results Clark, G. M.; Shepherd, R. K.; Franz, B. K. - H. G.; Dowell, R. C.; Tong, Y. C.; Blamey, S.; Webb, R. L.; Pyman, B. C.; McNaughton, J.; Kakulas, B. A.; Siejka, S. The histopathology of the human temporal bone and auditory central nervous system following cochlear implantation in a patient: Correlation with psychophysics and speech perception results 1988 Acta Oto-Laryngologica suppl. 448 1-65 Journal Article: Preliminary results for the Cochlear Corporation multi-electrode intracochlear implants on six prelingually deaf patients Clark, G. M.; Busby, P. A.; Roberts, S. A.; Dowell, R. C.; Tong, Y. C.; Blamey, P. J.; Nienhuys, T. G. W.; Mecklenburg, D. J.; Well, R. J.; Pyman, B. C.; Franz, B. K. - H. G., Preliminary results for the Cochlear Corporation multi-electrode intracochlear implants on six prelingually deaf patients 1987 American Journal of Otology 8 234-9 Journal Article: Pitch comparisons of acoustically and electrically evoked auditory sensations Blamey, P. J.; Dooley, G. J.; Parisi, E. S.; Clark, G. M. Pitch comparisons of acoustically and electrically evoked auditory sensations 1996 Hearing Research 99 139-50 Book Section: Cochlear Implants: Historical Perspectives Clark, Graeme Milbourne Cochlear Implants: Historical Perspectives London Whur Publishers 1995 Profound Deafness and Speech Communications Plant, Geoff and Spens, Karl-Erik Book: Graeme Clark: The Man Who Invented the Bionic Ear Worthing, Mark Graeme Clark: The Man Who Invented the Bionic Ear Crows Nest Allen & Unwin 2015

Source used to compile entry

Resource: Bionic Ear Prototype National Museum of Australia Bionic Ear Prototype National Museum of Australia 2015 Resource: Bionic Ear: Fact Sheet Bionics Institute Bionic Ear: Fact Sheet Bionics Institute 2016 Book: Science and God: Reconciling Science with the Christian Faith Clark, Graeme Milbourne Science and God: Reconciling Science with the Christian Faith Surry Hills, NSW Anzea 1979 Book: Cochlear implants: Fundamentals and Applications Clark, Graeme Milbourne Cochlear implants: Fundamentals and Applications New York Springer Verlag 2003 Journal Article: Design Criteria of a Multiple-electrode Cochlear Implant Hearing Prosthesis Clark, G.M.; Black, R.C.; Forster I.C.; Patrick, J.F.; Tong, Y.C. Design Criteria of a Multiple-electrode Cochlear Implant Hearing Prosthesis 1978 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63 631-633 Resource Section: Graeme Clark's Gift to the World [blog post] Tully, Helen Graeme Clark's Gift to the World [blog post] National Film and Sound Archive of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia 2015 NFSA Blog, National Film and Sound Archive of Australia website Resource: Research - Health and food - Professor Graeme Clark and his invention, the Bionic Ear, 1984 Australian Government, National Archives of Australia Research - Health and food - Professor Graeme Clark and his invention, the Bionic Ear, 1984 Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia 2016 Journal Article: Cognitive processing in children using cochlear implants: the relationship between visual memory, attention and executive functions and developing language skills Surowiecki, V. N.; Sarant, J. Z.; Maruff, P.; Blamey, P. J.; Busby, P. A.; Clarke, G. M. Cognitive processing in children using cochlear implants: the relationship between visual memory, attention and executive functions and developing language skills 2002 Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 111 119-26 Book Section: Learning to understand speech with the cochlear implant Clark, Graeme Milbourne Learning to understand speech with the cochlear implant Cambridge: MIT Press 2002 Perceptual Learning Fahle, M. and Poggiio, T. 147-60 Journal Article: Evaluation of trajectories and contact pressures for the straight nucleus cochlear implant electrode array: A two-dimensional application of finite element analysis Chen, B. K.; Clark G. M.; Jones, R. Evaluation of trajectories and contact pressures for the straight nucleus cochlear implant electrode array: A two-dimensional application of finite element analysis 2003 Medical Engineering and Physics 2 141-7 Book: Nucleus Multi-electrode Cochlear Implant (Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology) Clark, Graeme Milbourne; Blamey, Peter. J.; Brown, A. M.; Busby, P. A.; Dowell, R. C.; Franz, B. K.; Pyman, B. C.; Shepherd, R. K.; Tong, Y. C.; Webb R. L.; Hirshorn, M. S.; Kuzma, J. A.; Mecklenburg, D. J.; Money, D. K.; Patrick, J. F.; Seligman, P. M. Nucleus Multi-electrode Cochlear Implant (Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology) Basel: Karger 1987 Book Section: Design criteria of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis Clark, Graeme Milbourne; Black, R. C.; Patrick, J. F.; Tong, Y. C. Design criteria of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis New York IEEE Press 1980 Sensory Aids for the Hearing Impaired Levitt, H., Pickett, J. M., and Houde, R. 457-9 Journal Article: The multi-channel cochlear implant: Multi-disciplinary development of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the resulting clinical benefit Clark, Graeme Milbourne The multi-channel cochlear implant: Multi-disciplinary development of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the resulting clinical benefit 2015 Hearing Research 322 4-13 Journal Article: The multichannel cochlear implant for severe-to-profound hearing loss Clark, Graeme Milbourne The multichannel cochlear implant for severe-to-profound hearing loss 2013 Nature Medicine 19 10 1236-9 Journal Article: The evolving science of cochlear implants Clark, Graeme Milbourne; Clark, J. C.; Furness, J. B., The evolving science of cochlear implants 2013 Journal of the American Medical Association 310 12 1225-6 Journal Article: The multi-channel cochlear implant and the relief of severe-to-profound deafness Clark, Graeme Milbourne The multi-channel cochlear implant and the relief of severe-to-profound deafness 2012 Cochlear Implants International 13 2 69-85 Journal Article: Personal reflections on the multi-channel cochlear implant and a view of the future Clark, Graeme Milbourne Personal reflections on the multi-channel cochlear implant and a view of the future 2008 Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 45 5 651-94 Journal Article: Meningitis after cochlear implantation Wei, B. Clark, G.; O'Leary S.; Shepherd, R. K.; Robine-Browne, R. Meningitis after cochlear implantation 2007 British Medical Journal 335 1058 Journal Article: Banded intracochlear electrode array: Evaluation of insertion trauma in human temporal bones Shepherd, R. K.; Clark, G. M.; Pyman, B. C.; Webb, R. L. Banded intracochlear electrode array: Evaluation of insertion trauma in human temporal bones 1985 Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 94 55-9 Book Section: Cochlear Implants Clark, Graeme Milbourne Cochlear Implants New York Springer-Verlag 2003 Springer Handbook of Auditory Research: Speech processing in the auditory system Greenberg, S. Journal Article: From the Editor Chung, King From the Editor 2006 Trends in Amplification 10 4 173-174 Resource: Graeme Clark Collection Graeme Clark Collection The University of Melbourne Minerva Access Book: Sounds from silence : Graeme Clark and the bionic ear story Clark, Graeme M. Sounds from silence : Graeme Clark and the bionic ear story Crows Nest, NSW Allen & Unwin 2000 Resource: Fellows of the Academy Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering Fellows of the Academy 2024 Book: [Biographical cuttings on Prof. Graeme Clark, awarded the BHP Pursuit of Excellence award, for pioneering work with people with impaired hearing, containing one or more cuttings from newspapers or journals] [Biographical cuttings on Prof. Graeme Clark, awarded the BHP Pursuit of Excellence award, for pioneering work with people with impaired hearing, containing one or more cuttings from newspapers or journals] Journal Article: A multiple-electrode intracochlear implant for children Clark, G. M.; Blamey, P. J.; Busby, P. A.; Dowell, R. C.; Franz, B. K. - H. G.; Musgrave, G. N.; Nienhuys, T. G. W.; Pyman, B. C.; Roberts, S. A.; Tong, Y. C.; Well, R. L.; Kuzma, J. A.; Money, D. K.; Patrick, J. F.; Seligman, P. M. A multiple-electrode intracochlear implant for children 1987 Archives of Otolaryngology 113 825-8 Book: The University of Melbourne-nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant Clark, G. M.; in collaboration with Blamey, P. J. [et al.] The University of Melbourne-nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant New York Karger Basel 1987 Journal Article: Responses of cells in the superior olivary complex of the cat to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve Clark, G. M. Responses of cells in the superior olivary complex of the cat to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve 1969 Experimental Neurology 24 1 124-36 Resource: The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital 2011 Book: Restoring the Senses Clark, Graeme M. Restoring the Senses Sydney, NSW ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Commission 2007 Thesis: Middle ear and neural mechanisms in hearing and in the management of deafness [manuscript] Clark, Graeme M. Middle ear and neural mechanisms in hearing and in the management of deafness [manuscript] Sydney 1969 Resource: File:Clark-Hochmair-Chouard.jpg Scala, Bruno File:Clark-Hochmair-Chouard.jpg Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 2015 Book: Sounds from silence : Graeme Clark and the bionic ear story Clark, Graeme M. Sounds from silence : Graeme Clark and the bionic ear story Crows Nest, NSW Allen & Unwin 2017 Book: The Story of the Bionic Ear Epstein, June The Story of the Bionic Ear Hyland House 1989 Book: I want to fix ears: inside the Cochlear implant story Clark, Graeme M. I want to fix ears: inside the Cochlear implant story Forest Hill, Vic. ISCAST 2021 Book: Australia's Greatest Inventions and Innovations Knight, Linsay and Cheng, Christopher Australia's Greatest Inventions and Innovations North Sydney, N.S.W. Random House Australia 2012 Conference Paper: The Objects of Science and Technology - Working with "Things" Hallett, Martin The Objects of Science and Technology - Working with "Things" Canberra Australian Science Archives Project 1995 Recovering Science: Strategies and Models for the Past, Present and Future: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Melbourne, October 1992 Tim Sherratt, Lisa Jooste and Rosanne Clayton 87-93 Resource: International Application Published Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). 59812/80: Speech Processor [Specification AU-A] International Application Published Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). 59812/80: Speech Processor [Specification AU-A] World Intellectual Property Organization: International Bureau 1980 Journal Article: The preliminary clinical trial of a multi-channel cochlear implant hearing prosthesis Clark, G. M.; Crosby, P. A.; Dowell, R. C.; Kuzma, J. A.; Money, D. K.; Patrick, J. F.; Seligman, P. M.; Tong, Y. C. The preliminary clinical trial of a multi-channel cochlear implant hearing prosthesis 1983 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74 1977-14 Journal Article: Comparison of two cochlear implant speech-processing strategies Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Dowell, R. C. Comparison of two cochlear implant speech-processing strategies 1984 Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 93 127-31 Journal Article: A multi-channel hearing prosthesis for profound-to-total hearing loss Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Patrick, J. F.; Seligman, P. M.; Crosby, P. A.; Kuzma, J. A.; Money, D. K. A multi-channel hearing prosthesis for profound-to-total hearing loss 1984 Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 8 3-8 Book: International Cochlear Implant Speech and Hearing Symposium : Melbourne 1994 Clark, Graeme M.; and Cowan, Robert S.C. International Cochlear Implant Speech and Hearing Symposium : Melbourne 1994 St Louis, Mo Annals Publishing Company 1995 Journal Article: Clinical results with a multi-channel pseudobulbar system Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Dowell, R. C. Clinical results with a multi-channel pseudobulbar system 1983 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405 370-7 Journal Article: Behavioral thresholds in the cat to frequency modulated sound and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve Clark, G. M.; Kranz, H. G.; Minas, H. Behavioral thresholds in the cat to frequency modulated sound and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve 1973 Experimental Neurology 41 190-200 Journal Article: Psychological studies for two multiple-channel cochlear implant patients Tong, Y. C.; Clark, G. M.; Blamey, P. J.; Busby, P. A.; Dowell, R. C. Psychological studies for two multiple-channel cochlear implant patients 1982 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71 153-60 Journal Article: A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using closed-set spondiac words Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Martin, L. F. A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using closed-set spondiac words 1981 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 95 461-4 Journal Article: A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using an open-set word test Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Martin, L. F.; Busby, P. A. A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using an open-set word test 1981 Acta Oto-Laryngologica 91 173-5 Journal Article: A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using nonsense syllables Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Martin, L. F. A.; Busby, P. A.; Dowell, R. C.; Seldon, H. L.; Patrick, J. F. A multiple-channel cochlear implant. An evaluation using nonsense syllables 1981 Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 90 227-30 Journal Article: Speech processing for a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis Tong, Y. C.; Clark, G. M.; Seligman, P. M.; Patrick, J. F. Speech processing for a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis 1980 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68 1897-9 Journal Article: A cochlear implant round window electrode array Clark, G. M.; Patrick, J. F.; Bailey, Q. R. A cochlear implant round window electrode array 1979 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93 107-9 Journal Article: The surgery for multiple-electrode cochlear implantations Clark, G. M.; Pyman, B. C.; Bailey, Q. R. The surgery for multiple-electrode cochlear implantations 1979 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93 215-23 Journal Article: Design criteria of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis Clark, G. M.; Black, R. C.; Forster, I. C.; Patrick, J. F.; Tong, Y. C. Design criteria of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis 1978 Journal of Acoustical Society of America 63 631-3 Journal Article: A multiple-electrode cochlear implant Clark, G. M.; Tong, Y. C.; Black, R. C.; Forster, I. C.; Patrick, J. F.; Dewhurst, D. J. A multiple-electrode cochlear implant 1977 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 91 935-45 Journal Article: A multiple-electrode array for a cochlear implant Clark, G. M.; Hallworth, R. J. A multiple-electrode array for a cochlear implant 1976 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 90 623-7 Journal Article: A hearing prosthesis for severe perceptive deafness ̶ experimental studies Clark, G. M. A hearing prosthesis for severe perceptive deafness ̶ experimental studies 1973 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 87 10 929-45 Journal Article: A cochlear implant electrode Clark, G. M.; Hallworth, R. J.; Zdanius, K. A cochlear implant electrode 1975 Journal of Laryngology and Otology 89 787-92 Journal Article: The Nucleus 22 - Channel Cochlear Implant System Patrick, J. F.; and Clark, G. M. The Nucleus 22 - Channel Cochlear Implant System 1991 Ear Hear 12 4 3S-9S Resource Section: Interview with Professor Graeme Clark, otolaryngologist O'Leary, Stephen Interview with Professor Graeme Clark, otolaryngologist Australian Academy of Science 2011 Interviews with Australian scientists Resource Section: Florey Medal Australian Institute of Policy and Science Florey Medal Sydney Australian Institute of Policy and Science 2024 Resource: Australian of the Year Awards National Australia Day Council Australian of the Year Awards National Australia Day Council Resource: Recipients [of the Prime Minister's Prizes for Science, 2000 - 2017] Recipients [of the Prime Minister's Prizes for Science, 2000 - 2017] Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2017 Journal Article: Graeme Clark shares Russ Prize in US Anon Graeme Clark shares Russ Prize in US 2015 ATSE focus 188 43 Resource: Ian Wark Medal and Lecture Australian Academy of Science Ian Wark Medal and Lecture Australian Academy of Science 2022 Book: The Cochlear Story Bondarew, Veronica and Seligman, Peter The Cochlear Story Canberra CSIRO 2012 Journal Article: Forty years of "Waltzing Matilda": the history of the multi-channel cochlear implant Ho, Joyce P. K.; North, Hannah; and Singh, Narinder Forty years of "Waltzing Matilda": the history of the multi-channel cochlear implant 2018 Medical Journal of Australia 209 11 476-8 Edited Book: Wonders never cease: 100 Australian engineering achievements Engineers Australia Wonders never cease: 100 Australian engineering achievements Barton, Australian Capital Territory Institution of Engineers, Australia 2019 Graeme Clark/bionic ear collection [National Film and Sound Archive of Australia] National Film and Sound Archive of Australia Graeme Clark/bionic ear collection [National Film and Sound Archive of Australia] 1956 - 2009 The National Film and Sound Archive holds at least 117 items relating to Graeme Clark and the bionic ear. The items include television programs, audio and video recordings made by Clark's research team and home movies of Clark's family. The formats include tape, disc and mp3 and wav files. As at June 2016, most items were available online via the National Film and Sound Archives website. 125 items Audio, Digital, Video Bionic Ear Collection [Artefacts] Museums Victoria Bionic Ear Collection [Artefacts] Bionic Ear Collection 1968 - 1990 Museums Victoria holds artefacts dealing with the development of the Bionic Ear. In 1989 archivists at the Australian Science Archives Project embarked on a project to document records about Graeme Clark and the Development of the Bionic Ear on site at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital in the ADS database*. In 1994 they produced a draft 'Guide to the Records of Graeme Milbourne Clark and the Development of the Bionic Ear' with a listing, in series order, of the collection. The bulk of the collection described in the database and Guide was transferred to University of Melbourne Archives, while items in 'Series 21 Prototypes and Testing equipment' and a selection of copied material from Series 18 University of Melbourne Central Registry Files (patent applications and related correspondence) went to the Museum of Victoria. According to Richard Gillespie, there are over 250 artefacts at Museums Victoria "donated by Professor Graeme Clark and the University of Melbourne, documenting the research and prototyping that led to the development of the clinically approved cochlear implant. These include examples of the prototype 'gold box' receiver-stimulators or implants, clinical trial implants, benchtop electronics used to develop both the implant circuitry and the external speech processors. The initial research and safety studies were undertaken with cats as the experimental animals, and the collection includes the animal experimentation box and histological slides to examine the biological impact of the inserted electrodes. Implantation surgery on humans required the development of new surgical techniques; the collection includes surgical instruments developed by Graeme Clark for inserting the electrode array into the inner ear and templates for drilling a bed for the implant in the patient's skull." ['Bionic Ear Collection', Museums Victoria Collections website, URL: http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/15199, accessed December 2016]. *NOTE: In 2006, the ADS database with the Bionic Ear documentation was upgraded to the HDMS database, and in 2018 this database was accessible at the University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre. Interview with Prof. Graeme Clarke, Director of Bionic Ear Institute and Laureate Professor of Otolaryngology [sound recording] / interviewer, Diana Giese National Library of Australia Interview with Prof. Graeme Clarke, Director of Bionic Ear Institute and Laureate Professor of Otolaryngology [sound recording] / interviewer, Diana Giese TRC 4897 3 October 2002 3 digital audio tapes (c. 195 min.). Prof. Graeme Clark reflects on how with a team of people based at the University of Melbourne, he pioneered the development of the bionic ear for children and adults. In 1970 he was appointed Foundation Prof. Of Otolaryngology at the University of Melbourne. In 1978, after many biological and engineering breakthroughs, Prof. Clark implanted the first multiple-electrode bionic ear in the world. After further useful clinical trials in 1985 the bionic ear became the first multiple-channel cochlear implant to be approved by the Federal Drugs Administration (FDA) in the United States. In 1985 Prof. Clark implanted the first multiple-electronic bionic ear in a child. In 1985 Prof. Clark founded the Bionic Ear Institute (East Melbourne). He also established the first university training in audiology in Australia, and was instrumental in setting up the Australian Deafness Council. After a world-wide trail, in 1990 the use of the ear was approved by the FDA for children two years of age and above. Audio Papers of Graeme M. Clark, 1944-2012 [manuscript] National Library of Australia Manuscript Collection Papers of Graeme M. Clark, 1944-2012 [manuscript] MS 8696 1944 - 2012 Records [MS 8696, comprising nine accessions 1994-2018] relating to Graeme Clark's career and the development of the bionic ear, including:- general correspondence notebooks and diaries various papers including papers relating to research and development audio tapes photographs and slides speeches certificates draft material for Clark's book "Sounds from Silence" (2000) and June Epstein's "The Story of the Bionic Ear" (1989) medals, plaques, awards and degrees awarded to Clark Bionic Ear Institute records Scientific publications bound and loose press clippings letters, manuscripts, theses and books lecture slides photographs of cochlear implants; a plaque, medals, awards and certificates of achievement and admission to fellowship of various organisations DVDs including published oral history recordings bound volume of scientific publications by Graeme Clark from between 2004-2012. 59.81 m, 162 boxes and 12 oversize containers University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology The University of Melbourne Archives University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology 1982.0111 1969 - 1981 The 'University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology' records date from 1969 to 1981 and include files relating to:- the Deafness Foundation (Victoria) from inception, November 1969 - March 1972 Australian Deafness Council from inception, November 1974 - 1975 Otolaryngological Appeals 1970- 1972 the Hedley Summons Prize Administration 1970 - June 1981 Jean Littlejohn Prize Establishment 1976 - 1978 the Academic Board in Otolaryngology 1971-1972 the Diploma in Laryngology and Otology 1974 - 1978 the Regional Committee (autonomous body supervising standards required in surgical training for the FRACS) 1972-1976 Visit by T.J. Watson to assess the University's part in training teachers of the deaf 1974 the Consultative Council on Maternal and Child Health (Clark Chairman from inception, 1975 - March 1981). 0.24 m, 2 boxes University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology The University of Melbourne Archives University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology 1990.0165 1965 - 1989 The 'University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology' records date from 1965 to 1989 and include files relating to: Appointments of Associates and Senior Associates in Otolaryngology 1970 - 1989 Higher Degree students, Medical Faculty survey 1986-1987 and correspondence Degree of Master of Medicine 1980-1982 Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital correspondence and agreement with the University 1969, 1969-1979 Advisory Council for Children with Impaired Hearing (Vic.) 1974 - 1981 concerning the education of the deaf the Diploma of Laryngology and Otology, 1969 - 1976 Faculty of Medicine correspondence 1977-1979 Otolaryngological Society of Australia 1979 (Clark Chairman), 1970 - 1983 Deafness Foundation (Vic.) 1980-1983 Overseas Contacts 1975 - 1980 (Professor Clark's correspondence with colleagues in England, Sweden, U.S.A., Canada, concerning meetings while on his overseas trip and exchanges of information). 0.84 m, 7 boxes Official Opening, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital The University of Melbourne Archives Official Opening, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital 2014.0110 1971 Records about the 'Official Opening, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital' (1971) including: Invitation Lists; Draft Running Sheets; Correspondence; Invitation Acceptances; History of the Hospital and the department; Notes; Correspondence and Official Programme. 0.12 m, 1 box Professor Graeme M Clark - General Representations (3002) National Archives of Australia, National Office Professor Graeme M Clark - General Representations (3002) A463, 1986/G1182 11 November 1980 - 23 April 1987 59 folios of paper files and documents relating to Professor Graeme Clark. The folios are contained in correspondence files - Series number A463, Control symbol 1986/G1182 - of various Federal government agencies including the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet and the Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council (ASTEC). 59 folios Paper files and documents Graeme Clark, University of Melbourne - Cochlear Limited collection National Museum of Australia Graeme Clark, University of Melbourne - Cochlear Limited collection 1970? - 2005? The 'Graeme Clark, University of Melbourne - Cochlear Limited collection' consists of several objects including medical equipment related to the development of the bionic ear. According to the 'statement of significance' on the National Museum of Australia website, there were 13 objects in this collection (However, a search of the Museum's webpage on 28 June 2016, found 15 objects). 15 objects Graeme Milbourne Clark - Records Private hands (Clark, G.M.) Graeme Milbourne Clark - Records 1970 - 1988 These records cover the period from 1970 to 1988 and included approximately 3000 items. As of 1990, this collection held by Graeme Clark included the following paper records: Correspondence (c100 items) reports (c100 items) meeting records (c100 items) diaries (c10 items) research notes (c50 files) publication records (c100 items) conference records (c100 records) lecture notes (c50 items) newspaper cuttings (c10 files) photographs (c1000 items) circuit diagrams (c100 items); Presentation plaque incorporating bionic ear circuit board [Peter Howson collection] National Museum of Australia Presentation plaque incorporating bionic ear circuit board [Peter Howson collection] 1980 This Presentation plaque (dimensions: Height 143mm Width 187mm Depth 13mm) is contained in the museum's Peter Howson collection. The statement of significance recorded by the museum was as follows: "The Peter Howson collection consists of a glass presentation plaque into which is set a circuit board manufactured for use in the prototype bionic ear, and a plaque bearing the inscription: 'Cochlear implant mk1 developed in the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, presented to the Honourable Peter Howson from Graeme Clark and team members, in appreciation for help with the project 1980.' As a federal government minister from 1964 to 1972 and President of the Deafness Foundation Victoria from 1974 to 1986, Peter Howson was a long-time supporter of Graeme Clark and his efforts to develop the bionic ear." As of 29 July 2016, the object had not yet been processed for display. 1 object T2005/055: 2005 Transfers - Finding Aids and Supporting Documents Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/055: 2005 Transfers - Finding Aids and Supporting Documents 1990s - 2000s The 'Transfers - Finding Aids and Supporting Documents' relate to the transfer of records from Professor Graeme Clark offices at the Bionic Ear Institute, to Central Records, University of Melbourne. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/055 is a system generated number given to the records. 1 box University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology The University of Melbourne Archives University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology 2000.0005 1959 - 1964 The 'University of Melbourne. Department of Otolaryngology' records date from 1959 to 1964. They include appeal minutes and inaugural papers 1959-64; correspondence, photographs, newscuttings and subject files 1959-65; donation lists 1964-5 and pay-in book. 0.48 m, 4 boxes Graeme Clarke interviewed by Daniel Connell in the Australian Academy of the Humanities Fellows oral history project National Library of Australia Graeme Clarke interviewed by Daniel Connell in the Australian Academy of the Humanities Fellows oral history project ORAL TRC 6540/3 2 sound files (approximately 222 minutes long of interviews conducted by Daniel Connell as part of the Australian Academy of the Humanities Fellows oral history project. The interviews were recorded on 27 August 2014 in Acton, Australian Capital Territory, and, 1 October 2014 in Parkes, Australian Capital Territory. The recordings are available online and at the National Library of Australia. The recordings are part of the collection known as 'Australian Academy of the Humanities Fellows oral history project'. digitised item Department of Otolaryngology - Bionic Ear Records The University of Melbourne Archives Department of Otolaryngology - Bionic Ear Records 2004.0043 at U77/46-55 1949 - 2000 The 'Department of Otolaryngology - Bionic Ear Records' consist of 192 boxes at the University of Melbourne Archives. The records related to Professor Graeme Clark's (and associates) research activities at the University of Melbourne's Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and, the Bionic Ear Institute. Series/subjects include: General Administration; Funding; Hearing Prosthesis Project; Nucleus and Cochlear; Food and Drug Administration; Conferences, Promotional Materials, Advertising; Journals; Research and Development; Protocol Books; Personal Notebooks; Patents; Theses and Reprints; Surgical Techniques and Developments; Patient Case Histories and Ethics Committee; Overseas Patient Evaluation; Photographs and Slides; Children's Clinical Program; Australian Bionic Ear and Hearing Research Institute; and US National Institute of Health (NIH); Audiology; Tickle Talker; Museum of Victoria RE Bionic Ear Collection; Human Communication Research Centre (HCRC); External Organisations; Departmental Publications; Research; National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC); Cochlear Implantation for Infants and Children; Singular Publishing Group Inc.; The Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant, Speech and Hearing Research (CRC); Administration; Financial; Correspondence; Professor Clark's Personal Files; Staff Research; GMC Lectures and Talks; Cochlear Implant Clinic Ltd; Conferences; National Institutes of Health. Records from: Professor Graeme Clark, Dr Peter Blamey (Combionic Program); Associate Professor R Shepherd; Dr Ian Forster (Engineer); Lois Martin, Richard Dowell (Audiologists); Jim Patrick (Engineer); Dr Y.C. Tong (Joe); Dr H.L. (Lee) Seldon. 192 boxes T2005/025: NIH Grant Applications Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/025: NIH Grant Applications 1987 - 1998 These administrative files regarding National Institute of Health (NIH) Grant Applications date from 1987 to 1998. The files were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/025 is the transfer number given to the records. 61 boxes T2005/027: Bionic Ear Institute - Institute Establishment Files Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/027: Bionic Ear Institute - Institute Establishment Files 1984 - 1987 The 'Bionic Ear Institute - Institute Establishment Files' date from 1984 - 1987. The files were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/027 is the transfer number given to the records. 2 boxes T2005/028: Bionic Ear Institute - Bionic Ear Institute Financial Records Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/028: Bionic Ear Institute - Bionic Ear Institute Financial Records 1988 - 1993 The 'Bionic Ear Institute - Bionic Ear Institute Financial Records' date from 1988 - 1993. The files were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/028 is the transfer number given to the records. 1 box T2005/029: Bionic Ear Institute - Pamphletts, Brochures, Publications Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/029: Bionic Ear Institute - Pamphletts, Brochures, Publications 1974 - 2003 The 'Bionic Ear Institute - Pamphletts, Brochures, Publications' date from 1974 - 2003. The files were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/029 is the transfer number given to the records. 3 boxea T2005/037: Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clark - Home/Office Files Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/037: Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clark - Home/Office Files 1970 - 2005 The 'Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clark - Home/Office Files' date fom 1970 - 2005. They were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/037 is the transfer number given to the records. 9 boxes T2005/032: Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clarke Correspondence Records Services, The University of Melbourne T2005/032: Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clarke Correspondence 1968 - 1997 The 'Bionic Ear Institute - Graeme Clarke Correspondence' files date from 1968 to 1997. They were transferred to Central Records, University of Melbourne from Professor Graeme Clark's offices at the Bionic Ear Insititute. As at August 2016, they were stored in the basement of Wilson Hall and managed by Records Services, University of Melbourne. Records Services have details of the transfer in a 'Records Services Records Transfer Form' including a partial list of box contents, and, a report with box locations in Wilson Hall (generated from an internally managed database). T2005/032 is the transfer number given to the records. 4 boxes Professor Graeme Clark - Miniature Bionic Ear National Archives of Australia, National Office Professor Graeme Clark - Miniature Bionic Ear A9984, 1558588 01 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1997 This is an audio recording produced for the purposes of promoting Australia, both here and overseas. The duration of the recording is 4:40 minutes. It is contained in a series of promotional audio visual material - Series number A9984, Control symbol 1558588 - created by various Federal government information services between 1948 and 1997. Tape (Audio), Digital Media Second patient George Watson and Dr. Jo Tong with wearable speech processor Graeme Clark Second patient George Watson and Dr. Jo Tong with wearable speech processor 1979 Cochlear Implant - Cochlear Limited, 'Nucleus 24', C124M, 1998 Museum Victoria Cochlear Implant - Cochlear Limited, 'Nucleus 24', C124M, 1998 1998 Four digital photographs of the Cochlear Implant, 'Nucleus 24', manufactured by Cochlear Limited in 1998. Copyright Museums Victoria / CC BY (Licensed as Attribution 4.0 International) Peter Stewart the first in the world to have bilateral cochlear implants Graeme Clark Peter Stewart the first in the world to have bilateral cochlear implants 1989 Scott Smith the first child (aged 10) to have the Cochlear multi-channel implant in 1985 Graeme Clark Scott Smith the first child (aged 10) to have the Cochlear multi-channel implant in 1985 1985 Graeme Clark holding the mini-implant developed by Cochlear Ltd Graeme Clark Graeme Clark holding the mini-implant developed by Cochlear Ltd 1985 When the implant was a success for adults Clark worked with Cochlear to develop a smaller version for children. Audiologist Richard Dowell tests first Cochlear patient Graham Carrick Graeme Clark Audiologist Richard Dowell tests first Cochlear patient Graham Carrick 1982 The surgery was done at the Department of Otolaryngology at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. Graeme Clark with Cochlear's first multi-channel Nucleus implant he inserted in a patient in 1982 Graeme Clark Graeme Clark with Cochlear's first multi-channel Nucleus implant he inserted in a patient in 1982 1982 Graeme Clark is awarded an AC by the Governor General Sir Michael Jeffrey Graeme Clark Graeme Clark is awarded an AC by the Governor General Sir Michael Jeffrey 2004 Graeme Clark is honoured for his work with an AC, the highest civil honour by the Governor General Sir Michael Jeffrey at Government House Canberra. Joint Planning Meeting for Industrial Development, Nucleus Ltd, Lane Cove Graeme Clark Joint Planning Meeting for Industrial Development, Nucleus Ltd, Lane Cove 1980s The industrial development of the University's research by industry at Nucleus Ltd (Cochlear Pty Ltd) required numerous meetings between Clark, Patrick and Money to transfer the research to industry. Dated: mid-1980s. Pictured left to right: James Patrick, Graeme Clark and David Money. Graeme Clark (right) receiving his Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Medicine from Sir Barry Jackson Graeme Clark Graeme Clark (right) receiving his Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Medicine from Sir Barry Jackson 2003 In 2003 Clark became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and was welcomed by the President, Sir Barry Jackson. Rod Saunders speaks with his wife Margaret with his new wearable speech processor Graeme Clark Rod Saunders speaks with his wife Margaret with his new wearable speech processor 1979 Clark with first patient Rod Saunders and Multi-Channel implant Graeme Clark Clark with first patient Rod Saunders and Multi-Channel implant 1979 Clark supervising a cochlear implant operation at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Graeme Clark Clark supervising a cochlear implant operation at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital 1979 From Bionic Ear to world's first cochlear implant. A journey with Prof. Graeme Clark From Bionic Ear to world's first cochlear implant. A journey with Prof. Graeme Clark 2016 Graeme Clark Graeme Clark Graeme Clark Portrait of Graeme Clark

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Professor Graeme M. Clark AC, FAA, FRS, Hon. FRCS: Curriculum Vitae Professor Graeme M. Clark AC, FAA, FRS, Hon. FRCS: Curriculum Vitae Graeme Clark The First Nucleus receiver-stimulator implanted by Graeme Clark and team Graeme Clark The First Nucleus receiver-stimulator implanted by Graeme Clark and team 1982 Clark extended the neurophysiology with Eric Javel (Boys Town) and Jo Tong Graeme Clark Clark extended the neurophysiology with Eric Javel (Boys Town) and Jo Tong 1980s Photo taken in the mid-1980s. Listen I'm speaking - Part 2 Listen I'm speaking - Part 2 2011 Listen I'm speaking - Part 1 Listen I'm speaking - Part 1 2011 Clark Cochlear 30 years Clark Cochlear 30 years 2012 Never Say Never - The Graeme Clark Story Never Say Never - The Graeme Clark Story 2013 Experimental physiological studies by Graeme Clark, assisted by Field Rickards and Don McMahon. Graeme Clark Experimental physiological studies by Graeme Clark, assisted by Field Rickards and Don McMahon. 1973 Taken in the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, 1973. Clark demonstrating the way to insert the bundle of electrodes around the spiral of the cochlea came through passing grass blades around shells Graeme Clark Clark demonstrating the way to insert the bundle of electrodes around the spiral of the cochlea came through passing grass blades around shells 1984 Queen Elizabeth II visits the Bionic Ear Institute and meets the first adult (Rod Saunders) and young child (Bryn Davies) who previously had implants Graeme Clark Queen Elizabeth II visits the Bionic Ear Institute and meets the first adult (Rod Saunders) and young child (Bryn Davies) who previously had implants 2000 Silicon chips and substrate Graeme Clark Silicon chips and substrate 1976 Sian Neam following her cochlear implant operation Graeme Clark Sian Neam following her cochlear implant operation 1990 "Sian Neam was just over 2 years when she had the cochlear implant. The youngest in the world." (Graeme Clark, 2016) Graeme Clark examines his father Colin Milbourne Clark's ear Graeme Clark Graeme Clark examines his father Colin Milbourne Clark's ear 1995 Taken at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne when his father was 95 years old, in 1995. Graeme Clark with Russ Prize and Medal Graeme Clark Graeme Clark with Russ Prize and Medal 2015 Graeme Clark with Russ Prize and Medal, from the US National Institute of Engineering and Ohio University. Photo taken at the Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne. Graeme Clark, Ingeborg Hochmaier and Blake Wilson receiving Lasker De Bakey Award in Clinical Medical Research Graeme Clark Graeme Clark, Ingeborg Hochmaier and Blake Wilson receiving Lasker De Bakey Award in Clinical Medical Research 2013 Graeme Clark with wife Margaret Clark receiving an honorary doctorate from Zaragoza University, Spain Graeme Clark Graeme Clark with wife Margaret Clark receiving an honorary doctorate from Zaragoza University, Spain 2010 Graeme Clark with wife Margaret Clark at his conferring as an Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons, London Graeme Clark Graeme Clark with wife Margaret Clark at his conferring as an Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons, London 2010 Graeme Clark at the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons Graeme Clark Graeme Clark at the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons 2010 Graeme Clark (others not known) at the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons. Presenting a cochlear implant bone (dissected human temporal bone) with an implant placed in it by John Graham. With the first University of Melbourne receiver-stimulators Graeme Clark With the first University of Melbourne receiver-stimulators 1978 - 1979 Receiver-stimulators - the small aerial was for data and the large one for power